Recent advances in seaweed seedling production: a review of eucheumatoids and other valuable seaweeds

Modern seaweed farming relies heavily on seedlings from natural beds or vegetative cuttings previous harvests. However, this method has some disadvantages, such as physiological variation in the seed stock and decreased genetic variability, which reduces growth rate, carrageenan yield, gel strength of seaweeds. A new seedling production that is sustainable, scalable, produces a large number high-quality plantlets needed to support industry. Recent use tissue culture micropropagation techniques eucheumatoid yielded promising results increasing supply growing uniform numbers shorter time. Several species have been successfully cultured regenerated into laboratories using direct regeneration, callus culture, protoplast culture. The biostimulants plant regulators media increases quality even further. Seedlings produced by grew faster had better biochemical properties than conventionally cultivated seedlings. Before being transferred land-based grow-out system ocean nets for farming, tissue-cultured were recommended undergo an acclimatization process increase their survival rate. Regular monitoring prevent disease pest infestations grazing herbivorous fish turtles during process. current review discusses recent producing other valuable materials, emphasizing efficiency transition laboratory cultivation open-sea systems elucidate optimal conditions sustainable production.